The Heuristic Search And The Game Of Chess - A Study Of Quiescene, Sacrifices, And Plan Oriented Play
نویسنده
چکیده
T h i s p a p e r d e s c r i b e s t h e r e s u l t s o f a p p l y i n g t h e f o r m a l h e u r i s i t i c s e a r c h a l g o r i t h m t o t h e game o f c h e s s , and t h e i m p a c t o f t h i s w o r k o n t h e t h e o r y o f h e u r i s t i c s e a r c h . I t i s n o t t h a t t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e h e u r i s t i c s e a r c h can b y i t s e l f s o l v e t h e p r o b l e m s a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c o m p u t e r c h e s s , b u t t h a t r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e s e p r o b l e m s w i t h i n t h e f o r m a l i s m o f t h e h e u r i s t i c s e a r c h w i l l f u r t h e r t h e i r common s o l u t i o n . A s e p a r a t e s e a r c h h e u r i s t i c i s p r o p o s e d t h a t does o f f e r a common s o l u t i o n t o t h e p r o b l e m s o f q u i e s c e n c e , s a c r i f i c e s , and p l a n o r i e n t e d p l a y . I n t r o d u c t i o n The p u r p o s e o f t h i s p a p e r i s t o d e s c r i b e t h e r e s u l t s o f a p p l y i n g t h e f o r m a l h e u r i s t i c s e a r c h a l g o r i t h m t o t h e game o f c h e s s , and d i s c u s s t h e i m p a c t o f t h i s w o r k o n t h e t h e o r y o f h e u r i s t i c s e a r c h . We hope to d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t a s y m b i o t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p e x i s t s be tween t h e two a r e a s i n t h a t t h e p r o b l e m s e n c o u n t e r e d when p l a y i n g c o m p u t e r c h e s s can b e b e t t e r s o l v e d w i t h i n t h e f o r m a l i s m o f t h e h e u r i s t i c s e a r c h and t h a t t h e t h e o r y o f h e u r i s t i c s e a r c h can b e f u r t h e r e d b y g a i n i n g i n s i g h t f r o m t h i s v e r y c o m p l e x a p p l i c a t i o n . Compute r c h e s s has b e n d o m i n a t e d by p r o g r a m s u s i n g t h e a l p h a b e t a m i n i m a x s e a r c h ( G r e e n b l a t t ) and more r e c e n t l y by p r o g r a m s u s i n g a n e x h a u s t i v e s e a r c h ( N o r t h w e s t e r n , K i a s s a , Tech I I ) . The t r e n d o f s u c c e s s f u l p r o g r a m s has t h u s been t o a more b r u t e f o r c e a p p r o a c h r a t h e r t h a n d e v e l o p i n g more f o r m a l s o l u t i o n s t o t h e d i f f i c u l t p r o b l e m s t h a t a r i s e . A p p r o a c h e s u s i n g more s o p h i s t i c a t e d r e p r e s e n t a t i o n and u t i l i z a t i o n o f c h e s s k n o w l e d g e s u c h a s Z o b r i s t and B e r l i n e r have been u n a b l e t o p e r f o r m c o m p e t i t i v e l y w i t h p r o g r a m s u s i n g t h e a l p h a b e t a t e c h n i q u e . The a c t u a l a s s e s s m e n t o f new a p p r o a c h e s i s hampered by t h e f a c t t h a t a c h e s s p r o g r a m hangs by i t s w e a k e s t l i n k , and p o o r p l a y may n o t b e t h e f a u l t o f t h e new a p p r o a c h . Howeve r , a p p r o a c h e s t h a t a t t e m p t t o use more s o p h i s t i c a t e d h e u r i s t i c s i n p r e f e r e n c e t o a g e n e r a l t r e e s e a r c h a r e more s u s c e p t i b l e t o o c c a s i o n a l s e r i o u s e r r o r s i n p l a y . I t i s b y n o means c l e a r t h a t i n c h e s s t h e t r a d e o f f o f s e a r c h e f f o r t f o r a c c u r a c y i n e v a l u a t i o n can b e c o n s i s t e n t l y made w i t h o u t s i g n i f i c a n t l o s s o f p r e c i s i o n . Thus t h e a p p e a l o f t h e h e u r i s t i c s e a r c h , a n a t t e m p t t o c o m b i n e a s u f f i c i e n t l y p o w e r f u l s e a r c h mechan ism w i t h a k n o w l e d g a b l e h e u r i s t i c . The h e u r i s t i c s e a r c h a p p r o a c h has n o t p r o v e n i t s e l f c o m p e t i t i v e l y s u p e r i o r t o t h e a l p h a b e t a t e c h n i q u e e i t h e r w i n n i n g , d r a w i n g , and l o s i n g games w i t h C o l u m b i a , N o r t h w e s t e r n , and Tech I I r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h i s s u b s t a n t i a t e s t h e c u r r e n t f e e l i n g i n t h e A I c o m m u n i t y t h a t s e a r c h s t r a t e g y i t s e l f p l a y s a l o w e r o r d e r r o l e t h a n o t h e r m o d u l e s o f t h e s y s t e m . However , c e r t a i n a s p e c t s o f t h i s a p p r o a c h a r e w o r t h y o f s t u d y s i n c e t h e y may p r o v e t o p r o v i d e a b e t t e r mechan ism f o r d e a l i n g w i t h t h e p r o b l e m s a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c o m p u t e r c h e s s d i l e m m a ; n a m e l y , q u i e s c e n c e c h e c k i n g , s a c r i f i c e s , and p l a n o r i e n t e d p l a y . W e w i l l s p e c i f y t h e means b y w h i c h t h e h e u r i s t i c s e a r c h can e x p r e s s t h e s e p r o b l e m s , and p r o p o s e a common s o l u t i o n , w h e r e a s t h e c u r r e n t m i n i m a x p a r a d i g m seems r o a d b l o c k e d . D e f i n i t i o n s The h e u r i s t i c s e a r c h makes use o f t h e f o l l o w i n g f u n c t i o n s d e f i n e d o v e r t h e s e t o f l e g a l b o a r d c o n f i g u r a t i o n s r e f e r r e d t o as n o d e s , g ( n ) t h e number o f moves f r o m t h e r o o t t o t h e node n . h ( n ) = t h e min imum number o f moves f r o m node n to a g o a l . f ( n ) = h ( n ) + g ( n ) The min imum number o f moves f r o m t h e r o o t t o a g o a l v i a node n . S i n c e some o f t h e s e f u n c t i o n s a r e n o t known d u r i n g t h e a c t u a l s e a r c h w e mus t e s t i m a t e t h e m . The e s t i m a t i n g f u n c t i o n i s d e n o t e d by a " " . T h u s , t h e e s t i m a t i n g f u n c t i o n o f h ( n ) i s d e n o t e d f i ( n ) and i s t y p i c a l l y r e f e r r e d t o a s t h e " h e u r i s t i c " o r t h e b o a r d e v a l u a t i o n f u n c t i o n . A g o a l i s a w i n n i n g p o s i t i o n . A t e a c h s t e p o f t h e h e u r i s t i c s e a r c h t h e mos t p r o m i s i n g l i n e o f p l a y , t h e one w i t h t h e b e s t f v a l u e , i s e x p a n d e d . I n t h i s way t h e h e u r i s t i c h o r d e r s t h e s e a r c h . The h e u r i s t i c s e a r c h f o r a game t r e e p r o c e e d s a s f o l l o w s .
منابع مشابه
بررسی ارتباط میزان افسردگی و مهارت در شطرنج اعضای دارای درجه بین المللی بازی در فدراسیون شطرنج جمهوری اسلامی ایران در سال 1389
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